Unfrozen layers beneath Alaska's frozen ground are releasing methane at rates nearly three times higher than northern wetlands, according to research from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the U.S. National Science Foundation.

The emissions come from dryland taliks, pockets of unfrozen soil that form beneath permafrost in regions like Alaska's yedoma uplands. These areas release more methane during winter than summer, a pattern that surprised researchers studying the permafrost carbon feedback.

Katey Walter Anthony, a researcher at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, has documented how thawing permafrost releases ancient carbon stored in frozen soil as carbon dioxide and methane. Her work tracking thermokarst lakes across Alaska over 60 years shows measurable emissions as the lakes expand.

The Arctic is warming four times faster than the global average. As permafrost thaws, it releases greenhouse gases that speed warming, which in turn thaws more permafrost.

Between 16 and 24 percent of Alaska's permafrost could degrade by 2100, according to Arctic research. The USGS has identified methane emission hotspots across northern permafrost regions, including multiple sites in Alaska.

Coastal erosion compounds the permafrost problem for Alaska Native villages. Communities in northern and coastal Alaska face infrastructure damage and disruptions to subsistence activities as shorelines retreat.

Yup'ik and Inupiat villages along Alaska's coast deal with erosion rates reaching several meters per year in some locations. The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta has seen particularly severe impacts, with thawing permafrost weakening coastal bluffs that then wash away more quickly.

The combination of coastal erosion and permafrost thaw threatens buildings, roads, and other infrastructure that villages depend on. Subsistence hunting and fishing patterns shift as the ground changes, affecting food security in communities that rely on traditional resources.

Some villages face decisions about relocation as erosion makes current sites uninhabitable. These moves create generational shifts as families weigh whether to stay in ancestral areas or move to more stable ground.

Climate risks to fisheries add another layer of concern for coastal communities. Warmer waters and changing ice patterns affect fish populations that support both subsistence and commercial fishing.

Despite predictions of large-scale carbon releases from thawing permafrost, the massive emissions scientists expected have not yet materialized at the rates forecast. The past 60 years of measured releases remain relatively small compared to projections.